Extrusion Know-How: Proper Alignment Saves Wear & Tear ... or Worse

Is extruder alignment important? You bet it is. And the larger and longer the extruder, the more important it becomes.
An extruder that is poorly aligned causes excessive wear and tear on both the screw and barrel. The movement of the barrel as it tries to accommodate a screw that is being bent on each rotation can cause several other undesirable effects, such as screw breakage, heater crawl, additional drive load, and even die movement in extreme conditions.

I’ve witnessed first-hand the destructive force that results from an improperly aligned machine. This particular case involved a 4.5-in. extruder with a 36:1 L/D. Here, the barrel was not correctly aligned when installed, and as a result it constantly moved or “wiggled” when operating. The heater bands crawled forward, eventually shearing off some of the thermocouple wells. The screw broke after only about four months of operation. In this case, the barrel had two supports. The barrel was cleaned and measured with an optical alignment scope. It had the alignment shown in the accompanying illustration.

The screw was bent into an “S” shape due to the improper alignment and design of the two supports. Forcing the rotating screw to conform to a bent barrel causes an enormous amount of pressure to build between the screw flight and the barrel. In this case the screw flights wore more than 0.055-in. and the barrel more than 0.015-in. in the “worst wear” area before the screw broke. Even when the strength of the flights is ignored, it would take a radial force in excess of 155,000 lb to bend the screw over the distance shown as the “wear area.” In this case, the pressure simply forced the screw flights into the barrel with such force that adhesive wear developed, tearing the metal alloys off both surfaces. Finally, this continuous and increasing bending exceeded the fatigue strength of the screw, causing it to break. Interestingly, the drive motor load was high and unstable during this period, but the operator attributed this to the screw design. 

The barrel must be aligned to the driving mechanism, which is the drive quill of the gear box. Alignment by leveling is completely useless, as it is not indicative of the drive quill and only measures the vertical plane. The proper procedure is to place an optical or laser alignment scope inside the drive quill and align it to a fixed centerline by rotating the drive quill. The barrel and feed throat are then aligned to that centerline by adjusting the barrel supports or the mounting faces in the case of the feed throat.

Barrel supports of the proper design are necessary to make and maintain a good alignment. I prefer a two-point system, as shown in the diagram, but there are a number of other good designs. The important point is that the barrel must be able to freely expand through the support(s) as it is heated—with no distortion. The barrel should never be locked down by a support that completely surrounds it so it cannot slide easily when expanding. The support points need to be made from a noncorrosive material, such as brass, to prevent corrosion from “freezing” the support. Just as important, the entire barrel support must be rigid enough to maintain its position rather than tipping over as the barrel expands. I see this as a major weakness in many extruder designs.

Steel expands at 0.000006 in./in.-°F, so a 4.5-in., 36:1 barrel at a uniform operating temperature of 450F grows 0.320 in. longer when heated from room temperature. Plain and simple: If it can’t grow in a straight line it will bend. To see if your supports are working properly, open the covers and note the fresh wear mark on the barrel where the barrel slides through the support. If they do not closely correspond to the calculated expansion, there is a problem with your support system.

Due to the bending of light by heat waves, barrels must be aligned when cold, whether aligned optically or by laser. When a barrel is heated it does not necessarily maintain the same position as when cold, so it is important to make some additional checks after the initial heat-up to be sure the alignment has resolved any issues. This can be done by placing dial indicators at 90° angles on the discharge flange to see if the barrel has significant deflection when heat is applied. Some things that could cause such deflection are a support that is not functioning properly, unbalanced heating due to burned-out heater halves, half heaters around a vent, or a structural weakness.

The larger and longer the extruder, the more critical is the alignment. In general, the importance of aligning extruders 3.5-in. or smaller is often considered redundant to the manufacturer’s original alignment, unless they are exceptionally long. For larger or longer extruders the bases are seldom rigid enough to guarantee maintenance of the manufacturer’s alignment.

There are quite a number of capable extruder alignment technicians available with the proper equipment and techniques, but there are also a number offering an incomplete or even incorrect service. It’s best to question how they are going to perform the alignment.

If you have experienced broken screws, excessive screw/barrel wear, barrel wiggle, or heater creep, save yourself a lot of money and downtime in the long term by starting out with a properly aligned extruder.

 

About the Author

Jim Frankland is a mechanical engineer who has been involved in all types of extrusion processing for more than 40 years. He is now president of Frankland Plastics Consulting, LLC. Contact jim.frankland@comcast.net or (724)651-9196.